AUSTRIA
Until the early 1980s, the only Sikhs were students and odd businessmen and a small contingent of refugees from Uganda. From 1984 onwards immigration increased and substantially so in 1990s which included some refugees from Afghanistan. Earlier immigration was males only but from 1992 onwards family reunification was allowed. So, there is now a second generation of Sikhs. Earlier immigrants were by and large working in low-skill, low-pay jobs but the second generation are moving up-market.Case study of a turbaned Sikh doctor who first migrated in1955 is of interest.

BELGIUM
Sikhs first came in 1980s and worked on farms. Even today Saturday Farmers Market would have many Sikhs selling their wares. However, the major business at present is textile retailing. They are also into what is called Night Shops, which are open from 6 p.m. till morning. The earliest immigrants came from Uganda in 1972. In early 1980s a few more arrived and a concentrated population grew in Hesbaye region, which is fruit growing-Sint-Truiden being the main town of the area. Although the Government did not support or encourage giving asylum, the farmers were welcoming cheaper labour. In 2000, the Belgian Government regularized existing immigrants, thereby helping many Sikhs get Permanent Residence and later on Belgian Passports.We had the privilege during our visit of being escorted by two young scholars, Sara Cosemans and Quincy Cloet. We even stayed with Sara's family.

DENMARK
A small number of Sikh immigrants did arrived in 1960s as labour. The country was somewhat more liberal in reuniting families which helped many immigrants to go back to get married. 1980s onwards migration increased due to influx of refugees from Punjab. There has been some influx of highly qualified Sikhs in this century. There is a significant second generation who are getting employment as professionals. Interestingly, there is even a small third generation.The first gurdwara had some unfortunate divisions and now there are two gurdwaras. The Sikh religion received Government recognition in 1985. Case study of a turbaned Sikh diplomat in Ministry of Foreign Affairs is of interest.