FINLAND
Most immigration has been as job seekers. The Sikh immigration started to increase substantially only in1990s. Initially the job openings were in restaurants and pubs to begin with for cleaning, dishwashing, and as kitchen helpers as no language skills were needed. In due course of time many of them bought out the enterprises and now there are many Sikh-owned eating places, bars, and discotheques (called ravintola). Some Sikhs are bus drivers and others run retail shops, etc. The gurdwara operates in the afternoons on Sunday due late-night timings of Sikh establishments of bars, discotheques, etc. Nishan Sahib cannot be displayed outside the gurdwara.

FRANCE
Early Sikh migrants moved to France from other European countries, e.g., Belgium or Germany. Illegal migration was legalized in 1981-2 by the Socialist Government. From mid 1980s migration followed the pattern like other European countries as asylum seeking males followed by family reunification. Most immigrants work in informal sectors especially clothing, catering, and construction industries. The Bobigny Gurdwara, in a suburb of Paris, is a large custom designed building with a large sangat on Sundays and other important days. There was a large presence of Sikh soldiers as a part of British Indian Armyin WW I. Turban continues to be an issue as ID cards photo must be without turban and students in public schools cannot wear religious symbols such as turban. Baisakhi is publicly celebrated with procession and gatka demonstration.

GERMANY
It is one of the important countries of Europe for Sikh migration not only because of large presence both of Sikhs and gurdwaras but also because Sikhs started migrating there from 1960s as students or as employees or for setting up businesses. Of course, the numbers were minuscule up to early 1970s. Many immigrants to Europe in earlier times first headed for Germany from where they moved to other countries there after. The Sikh presence in Germany in terms of numbers is second only to Italy in the Continental Europe but so far as the number of gurdwaras (39 nos) is concerned, it is ahead of Italy.